tunneling

ects can be included by incorporating Fermi-Dirac distribution functions in the calculation of carrier occupation and current, and by adjusting material parameters such as bandgap and carrier scattering rates as a function of temper

that enhance resolution and reproducibility. **Low-Temperature STM**: Operating STM systems at cryogenic temperatures to reduce thermal vibrations, enabling more precise measurements. **Spin-Polarized STM**: Adding magnetic sensitivity