how compounds cause toxicity, researchers can design safer drugs with fewer side effects and develop biomarkers for early detection of adverse effects. What role do reactive oxygen species (ROS) play in mechanistic toxicology? ROS often mediate cellular damage caused by toxins,
nse relationships, mechanistic toxicology seeks to elucidate the precise biochemical pathways and molecular interactions responsible for toxicity. This approach not only enhances our understanding of toxic effects but also aids in risk assessment, regulatory decision-mak
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